First Freedom Page 29
17 Blackstone, Sir William, Commentaries on the Laws of England: In Four Books, vol. 1 (J. B. Lippincott, 1886), p. 719, https://archive.org/details/commentariesonl04blacgoog.
18 Russell, Carl P., Guns on the Early Frontiers: From Colonial Times to the Years of the Western Fur Trade (Dover, 2005; originally published by University of California, Berkeley Press, 1957), p. 42.
19 Penn, William, The Select Works of William Penn: In Five Volumes (National Archives, 1726), p. 50, https://archive.org/details/collectionofwork01penn.
20 For more, see “German Settlement in Pennsylvania: Background Reading” (Historical Society of Pennsylvania and the Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies).
21 Applebaum, Herbert A., Colonial Americans at Work (University Press of America, 1996), p. 184.
22 Dworsky, Joel, and Dr. Timothy Trussell, “The Mylin Gun Shop Survey Project: Excavation Report for the Lancaster Colonial Settlement Project,” http://www.millersville.edu/archaeology/files/mylin-gunshop-site-report.pdf.
23 Dillin, Captain John G. W., The Kentucky Rifle (National Rifle Association of America, 1924).
24 Greener, The Gun and Its Development, p. 620.
25 Grancsay, Stephen Vincent, Craft of the Early American Gunsmith (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1947).
3: Powder Alarm
1 The Works of John Adams, vol. 1, p. 86, http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/adams-the-works-of-john-adams-vol-1-life-of-the-author.
2 The Laws of the State of New-Hampshire: With the Constitutions of the United States and of the State Prefixed, published 1815, p. 460, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433009057328;view=1up;seq=7.
3 Abigail Adams to John Adams, 2 September 1774, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/04-01-02-0096.
4 Rae, Noel, People’s War: Original Voices of the American Revolution (Lyons Press, 2011), p. 108.
5 Kopel, David B., “How the British Gun Control Program Precipitated the American Revolution,” Charleston Law Review 6, no. 2 (Winter 2012), p. 293.
6 O’Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson, The Men Who Lost America: British Leadership, American Revolution, and the Fate of the Empire (Yale University Press, 2013), p. 86.
7 Salay, David L., “The Production of Gunpowder in Pennsylvania During the American Revolution,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 99, no. 4 (Oct. 1975).
8 Stephenson, Orlando W., “The Supply of Gunpowder in 1776,” American Historical Review 30, no. 2 (Jan. 1925), pp. 271–78.
9 “The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799; prepared under the direction of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission and published by authority of Congress” (US Government Printing Office, 1931).
10 For more on the history of “Greek fire,” see Norwich, John J., A Short History of Byzantium (Vintage, 1998).
11 McLachlan, Sean, Medieval Handgonnes: The First Black Powder Infantry Weapons (Osprey, 2010), pp. 20–23.
12 Crosby, Alfred W., Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History (Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 121.
13 Salay, “The Production of Gunpowder in Pennsylvania During the American Revolution,” p. 425.
14 Forbes, Esther, Paul Revere and the World He Lived In (Mariner Books, 1999), p. 304.
15 National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places Program, “Continental Powder Works at French Creek,” https://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/places/15000827.htm.
16 Russell, Carl P., Guns on the Early Frontiers: From Colonial Times to the Years of the Western Fur Trade (Dover, 2005; original published by University of California, Berkeley Press, 1957), p. 220.
17 “Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania: From the organization to the termination of proprietary government,” vol. 10, p. 469.
18 Kelly, Jack, Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive That Changed the World (Basic Books, 2004), p. 22.
19 George Washington to Nicholas Cooke, 4 August 1775, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-01-02-0149.
20 Klein, Christopher, “The Midday Ride of Paul Revere,” Smithsonian.com, Dec. 12, 2011.
21 “The Parliamentary Register; Or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the House of Commons, During the First Session of the Fourteenth Parliament of Great Britain, Volume 1,” p. 106.
22 Klein, “The Midday Ride of Paul Revere.”
23 Salay, “The Production of Gunpowder in Pennsylvania During the American Revolution,” p. 423.
4: “Fire!”
1 Kennedy, David M., The American Spirit: United States History as Seen by Contemporaries, vol. 1 (Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2006), p. 114.
2 National Archives, “The Deposition of John Robins Regarding hostilities at Lexington,” https://www.docsteach.org/documents/document/deposition-of-john-robins-regarding-hostilities-at-lexington.
3 Report of the Record Commissioners of the City of Boston, vol. 16, Boston (Mass.), Registry Dept. (Rockville and Church, 1886), p. 286.
4 Halbrook, Stephen Dr., The Founders’ Second Amendment Origins of the Right to Bear (Ivan R. Dee, 2008), p. 6.
5 Fischer, David Hackett, Paul Revere’s Ride (Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 73.
6 Frothingham, Richard, History of the Siege of Boston: And of the Battles of Lexington, Concord and Bunker Hill (Little, Brown; 4th edition, 1873), p. 51.
7 Letter from Dr. Joseph Warren to Arthur Lee, Boston, April 3, 1775. http://amarch.lib.niu.edu/islandora/object/niu-amarch%3A103895.
8 Hurst, Gerald B., “The Old Colonial System,” Publications. Historical Series, vol. 3 (University of Manchester, 1905), p. 182.
9 Aptheker, Herbert, The American Revolution, 1763–1783: A History of the American People; An Interpretation (International Publishers, 1960), p. 113.
10 Rogers, Alan, Empire and Liberty: American Resistance to British Authority, 1755–1763 (University of California Press, 1974), p. 63.
11 Ferling, John, Whirlwind: The American Revolution and the War That Won It (Bloomsbury, 2015), p. 209.
12 Urban, Mark, Fusiliers: The Saga of a British Redcoat Regiment in the American Revolution (Bloomsbury, 2007), p. 81.
13 Johnson, Nicholas J., David B. Kopel, George A. Mocsary, and Michael P. O’Shea, Firearms Law and the Second Amendment: Regulation, Rights, and Policy (Aspen, 2012), p. 139.
14 “To the Speakers of the Colonial Assemblies: A Circular Letter from Franklin, William Bollan, and Arthur Lee,” LS: Library of Congress—London, Feb. 5, 1775.
15 Cook, Don, The Long Fuse: How England Lost the American Colonies, 1760–1785 (Atlantic Monthly Press, 1996), p. 81.
16 Sawyer, Charles Wintrop, Firearms in American History: 1600 to 1800 (National Archives, 1910), p. 9.
17 Bonwick, Colin, English Radicals and the American Revolution (North Carolina Press, 1977), p. 124.
18 Trevelyan, Laura, The Winchester: The Gun That Built an American Dynasty (Yale University Press, 2016), p. 2.
19 For more on the Bellesiles, see Lindgren, James, “Fall from Grace: Arming America and the Bellesiles Scandal,” Yale University Law Journal, vol. 111, no. 18 (2002), https://www.yalelawjournal.org/review/fall-from-grace-arming-america-and-the-bellesiles-scandal.
20 Lindgren, James, and Justin Lee Heather, “Counting Guns in Early America,” William & Mary Law Review 43, no. 5 (2002), p. 177. Northwestern Law & Econ Research Paper No. 01-1.
21 Utter, Glenn H. (editor), Guns and Contemporary Society: The Past, Present, and Future of Firearms and Firearm Policy (Praeger, 2015), p. 10.
22 Ibid.
23 Lindgren and Heather, “Counting Guns in Early America,” p. 177.
24 Cramer, Clayton, Armed America: The Remarkable Story of How and Why Guns Became as American as Apple Pie (Thomas Nelson, 2009), p. 64.
25 Goss, Elbridge Henry, The Life of Colonel Paul Revere, Volume 1, (Howard W. Spurr, 8th edition, 1909), p. 196.
26 Fo
r more on Paul Revere’s other ride, see Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride.
27 For more on the battle, see Ketchum, Richard M., Saratoga: Turning Point of America’s Revolutionary War (Henry Holt, 1999).
28 Philbrick, Nathaniel, Bunker Hill: A City, a Siege, a Revolution (Penguin Books, 2014), p. 221.
29 From George Washington to John Hancock, 25 September 1776, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-06-02-0305.
30 Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston Evening-Post, 21 November 1768. http://www.masshist.org/dorr/volume/2/sequence/334.
5: The Finest Marksmen in the World
1 York, Neil L., “Pennsylvania Rifle: Revolutionary Weapon in a Conventional War?” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 103, no. 3 (July 1979), pp. 302–24.
2 Graham, James, The Life of General Daniel Morgan, of the Virginia Line of the Army of the United States, with Portions of His Correspondence; Comp[iled]. from Authentic Sources (Derby & Jackson, H. W. Derby & Co., 1856), vi, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;idno=ABJ2761.
3 Brandow, John H., “General Daniel Morgan’s Part in the Burgoyne Campaign,” Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association 12 (1913), pp. 119–38.
4 Graham, James, The Life of General Daniel Morgan, p. 39.
5 Griffith, Samuel B., The War for American Independence: From 1760 to the Surrender at Yorktown in 1781 (University of Illinois Press, 1976), p. 182.
6 John Adams to Abigail Adams, 11–17 June 1775, Massachusetts Historical Society, http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/archive/doc?id=L17750611ja.
7 Virginia Gazette, July 25, 1775, cited in Lynn Montross, Rag, Tag and Bobtail (Harper, 1952), pp. 49–50.
8 General Washington to the President of the Continental Congress, July 10, 1775, Library of Congress, http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/amrev/contarmy/presone.html.
9 Force, Peter, American Archives, Series IV, vol. 3, p. 2, https://archive.org/details/AmericanArchives-FourthSeriesVolume3peterForce.
10 Aron, Stephen, How the West Was Lost: The Transformation of Kentucky from Daniel Boone to Henry Clay (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), p. 113.
11 Boorstin, Daniel, “The Therapy of Distance,” American Heritage 27, no. 4 (June 1976).
12 Force, Peter, American Archives, Series IV, vol. 3, page 5; letter dated August 1, 1775, from Elbridge Gerry to General Washington.
13 Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 43 (Oct. 1909–June 1910), p. 574.
14 Wood, Gordon S., The American Revolution: A History (Modern Library, 2003), p. 62.
15 Black, Jeremy, European Warfare, 1660–1815 (Yale University Press, 1994), p. 42.
16 Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 43 (Oct. 1909–June 1910), p. 574.
17 Higginbotham, Don, Daniel Morgan: Revolutionary Rifleman (University of North Carolina Press, 1961), p. 39.
18 Wood, The American Revolution, p. 62.
19 Neilson, Charles, An Original, Compiled, and Corrected Account of Burgoyne’s Campaign: And the Memorable Battle of Bemis’s Heights. Sept. 19 and Oct. 7, 1777, From the Most Authentic Sources of Information; Including Many Interesting Incidents Connected with the Same: and a Map of the Battle Ground (Albany, 1844), p. 257.
20 Ibid.
21 Higginbotham, Don, Daniel Morgan: Revolutionary Rifleman (University of North Carolina Press, 1979), p. 170.
22 Black, Jeremy, European Warfare, p. 42.
23 Plaster, Major John. History of Sniping and Sharpshooting (Paladin Press, 2008), p. 102.
24 Russell, Carl P., Guns on the Early Frontiers: From Colonial Times to the Years of the Western Fur Trade (Dover, 2005: originally published by University of California, Berkeley Press, 1957), p. 99.
25 Artemas Ward to John Adams, 23 October 1775, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-03-02-0120.
6: Liberty’s Teeth
1 Martin, Joseph Plumb, A Narrative of Some of the Adventures, Dangers and Sufferings of a Revolutionary Soldier [i.e., Joseph Plumb Martin]; Interspersed with Anecdotes of Incidents That Occurred Within His Own Observation. Written by himself (National Archives), p. 44.
2 Reid, Stuart, The Flintlock Musket: Brown Bess and Charleville, 1715–1865 (Osprey Publishing, 2016), p. 73.
3 Chaucer, Geoffrey, The Aldine Edition of The British Poets, The Poems of Geoffrey Chaucer In Six Volumes, Vol. V (George Bell & Sons, York St. Covent Garden and New York, 1893), p. 259.
4 Worman, Charles, G., Firearms in American History: A Guide for Writers, Curators, and General Readers (Westholme, 2007), p. 113.
5 Tower, Charlemagne, The Marquis De Lafayette in the American Revolution, vol.1 (Cosimo Classics, 2013), p. 323.
6 Worman, Charles G., Firearms in American History, p. 24.
7 Ibid., p. 27.
8 Peterson, Harold Leslie, Arms and Armor in Colonial America, 1526–1783 (Bramhall House, 1956), p. 172.
9 Martin, A Narrative of Some of the Adventures, Dangers and Sufferings of a Revolutionary Soldier, p. 174.
7: Freedom’s Guarantee
1 Debate in Virginia Ratifying Convention, Article 1, Section 8, Clause 12.
2 Chernow, Ron, Alexander Hamilton (Penguin Books, 2005), p. 294.
3 Malcolm, Joyce, To Keep and Bear Arms: The Origins of an Anglo-American Right (Harvard University Press, 1996), p. 137.
4 The Statutes of the Realm: Printed by Command of His Majesty King George The Third, vol. 3, p. 123, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/012297566.
5 Malcolm, Joyce, To Keep and Bear Arms: The Origins of an Anglo-American Right, pp. 79–83.
6 The Founders; Constitution, University of Chicago, William Blackstone, Commentaries 1:139, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/amendIIs4.html.
7 The Founders’ Constitution, University of Chicago, [Volume 1, Page 90], document 4, Samuel Adams, Boston Gazette, 27, Feb. 1769, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/print_documents/v1ch3s4.html.
8 Frothingham, Richard, History of the Siege of Boston, and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill (Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1851), p. 25.
9 Breen, T. H., American Insurgents, American Patriots: The Revolution of the People (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010), p. 85.
10 Simeon, Howard, “A Sermon Preached to the Ancient and Honorable Artillery-Company, in Boston, New-England, June 7th, 1773. Being the Anniversary of Their Election of Officers,” p. 19, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/evans/N10084.0001.001/1:3?rgn=div1;view=fulltext.
11 Paine, Thomas, The Writings of Thomas Paine (1906), “Thoughts on Defensive War” from the Pennsylvania Magazine, July 1775, http://www.bartleby.com/184/112.html.
12 Halbrook, Dr. Stephen, The Founders’ Second Amendment Origins of the Right to Bear (Ivan R. Dee, 2008), p.131.
13 Chase, Ellen, The Beginnings of the American Revolution: Based on Contemporary Letters Diaries and Other Documents, Volume 2 (The Baker and Taylor Company, 1910), p. 182.
14 Adams, Les, The Second Amendment Primer: A Citizen’s Guidebook to the History, Sources, and Authorities for the Constitutional Guarantee of the Right to Keep and Bear Arms (Skyhorse, 2013), p. 105.
15 “Debates and Proceedings in the Convention of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Held in the Year 1788, and Which Finally Ratified the Constitution of the United States” (Boston, W. White, printer to the commonwealth, 1856), p. 86.
16 Ratification of the Constitution by the State of New Hampshire; June 21, 1788 (http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/ratnh.asp).
8: Go West
1 Peterson, Harold L., Encyclopedia of Firearms (E. P. Dutton, 1964), p. 58.
2 Brown, Meredith M., Frontiersman: Daniel Boone and the Making of America (Louisiana State University Press, 2008), p. 21.
3 Carmichel, Jim, “Boone and the Bear,” Outdoor Life, Feb. 28, 2007.
4 Cramer, Clayton, Concealed Weapon Law
s of the Early Republic: Dueling, Southern Violence, and Moral Reform (Praeger, 1999), p. 80.
5 Rose, American Rifle: A Biography (Delta, 2009), p. 16.
6 Morris, Charles R., The Dawn of Innovation: The First American Industrial Revolution (PublicAffairs, 2012), p. 113.
7 National Historic Site Massachusetts, Springfield Armory, https://www.nps.gov/spar/faqs.htm.
8 Garavaglia, Louis A. and Charles G. Worman, Firearms of the American West, Vol. 1, 1803–1865 (University Press of Colorado, 1998), p. 6.
9 The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, August 30, 1803, https://lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu/item/lc.jrn.1803-08-30#lc.jrn.1803-08-30.01.
10 National Firearms Museum, “Treasure Gun: Girandoni Air Rifle as Used by Lewis and Clark,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-pqFyKh-rUI.
11 Chiaventone, Frederick J., “Lewis and Clark’s Girandoni Air Rifle,” December 13, 2016. http://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/military-history/lewis-and-clarks-girandoni-air-rifle/.
12 National Firearms Museum, “Treasure Gun: Girandoni Air Rifle as Used by Lewis and Clark,” continued.
13 Morris, The Dawn of Innovation, p. 114.
14 Gibson, Karen Bush, Eli Whitney: Profiles in American History (Mitchell Lane, 2006), p. 33.
15 Bilby, Joseph G., A Revolution in Arms: A History of the First Repeating Rifles (Westholme Publishing, 2015), p. 31.
16 Garavaglia, Louis A. and Worman, Charles G., Firearms of the American West, Vol. 1, 1803–1865 (University Press of Colorado, 1998), p. 11.
17 Bilby, A Revolution in Arms, p. 34.
18 Harpers Ferry Armory exhibit, https://www.nps.gov/hafe/learn/historyculture/john-h-hall.htm.
19 Smith, Merritt R., Harpers Ferry Armory and the New Technology: The Challenge of Change (Cornell University Press, 1980), p. 206.
9: Peacemaker
1 Most of the information regarding Colt’s family’s early efforts in manufacturing were culled from Tucker, Barbara M., and Kenneth H. Tucker, Industrializing Antebellum America: The Rise of Manufacturing Entrepreneurs in the Early Republic (Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008).